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Question1
Command System activity report (sar)

The sar command is defined to have the general task of collecting, reporting or rather saving the information resulted from the system activities. The sar command initiates the writing onto the standard data/ information output the selected information regarding a cumulative activity counter performed in the operating system. The command is applicable in the sense of displaying the reports according to the duration that the system takes in writing the information. In the accounting system, the values can be outlined in count and the interval parameters and in this case the system will write the information depending on the intervals in seconds’ time. When the interval parameter is set at zero, then the sar command will only display the average statistics for the duration from the time the system was started. On the other hand the system interval parameter is defined and specified in absence of a count parameter then the sar command will generate reports continuously. Sar command is used for real time monitoring of the linux system performance in statistics (Prasad, 2014. The sar command is also applicable in collecting and storing information upon analysis bottlenecks are easily identified (Nataraj, 2011).

The Unix “Who” command

The who command is very useful for the display and printing of the information that related to the end users of the systems that are currently logged in the system. The who commands is executed for a duration of approximately 5 minutes and in the displays it displays the following information. the list of the users logged in the system, the time of the last boot, a list of dead processes, the list of login processes, counting of the login names and generally displaying the information of the logged on end users. The purpose of the who command is to display the end users logged on the systems. if person bypasses the server you can use the command to determined the persons that logged on your server (Gite, 2014).

Question 2A
Cumulative statistics
The cumulative statistics is described under cumulative probability and the cumulative frequency as well. The cumulative frequency defines the number of observations made that lies either above or below the particular value defined in the data set. And it is achieved or rather calculated by the use of the frequency distribution table.teh cumulative frequency is the same as the cumulative percentages though the percentage is advantaged with the power of easily comparing the sets of data. The cumulative probability is described as the probability that describes the value within a random variable will tend to fall within a specified value range.

Database metrics
Database metrics describes the activities undertaken about monitoring the performance of the database. The performance metrics are applied in the assessment of the health of the enterprise database. The metrics can focus on eth business transactions, the query performance, user and query conflicts, the capacity, configuration and the NoSQL databases (Habib, 2015). At times, the metrics are defined as long-term o average and they include the throughput, execution time, the concurrency and utilization.

Question 2B
Automatic workload capture feature
The workloads capture module s quite applicable in the monitoring of the external users activities and related transactions. The feature facilitates monitoring by recording the entire requests made by the database external users to the Oracle database. Once the feature is enabled, all the request done by the external users are redirected and stored in the capture files and this will facilitate the tracking of the transaction done by the external users. The capture files stores the information of SQL text, the bind values and the transaction information (Oracle, n.d).

Automatic performance diagnostic feature
The feature is applied when a problem is felt to have occurred within the database and thus the necessity of performing accurate and timely diagnosis of the developed problem before any measure of making changes.Teh automatic database diagnostic monitor undertakes an analysis of a top down series with the prior identification of the symptoms and then refining the symptoms until the cause of the performance problem is determined.

Database backup
In information technology, backup is the process of copying and archiving the computer data so that one can use it to restore the original after an event of data loss occurs (Mullins, 2012). There are two distinct purposes of backups. One is to recover the data after its loss maybe because of data deletion or corruption. The data loss may be a common experience of the computer users. The second purpose of the backup is to recover the data from the earlier time according to the user-defined data retention policy. There are two divisions of the backups that include the logical and the physical backups (Dafoulas & Ward 2011). The logical backups usually contain the logical data from the database with the Oracle export utility. It is stored in a binary file so as to help in later re-importing to a database using the corresponding Oracle import utility. On the other hand, the physical backup refers to the backup of the physical files that is used for storing and also recovering databases such as the control files and the data files. It is a copy of the files storing database information to another location whether it is on offline storage or a disk.

The database backup tends to form a duplicate of the data when the backup is complete. With a backup, it is easy for an individual to recreate the whole database from the backup in just one step that involves restoring the database. During restoring, it is a process that involves overwriting the existing database or it may create a database in case it does not exist (Dafoulas & Ward 2011). During backup, it is a process that tends to use a lot of storage space for every backup, and it also requires more time so as to completely backup all the operations.

With the Oracle backup, the types of backups include the logical backup, cold backup, and the hot backups. The hot backup is a backup of the data while it is running. Oracle tends to have RMAN which usually ensures the success in the hot backup. A cold backup is a backup that involves the offline physical backup, which is a process that happens when the database is not operating. It is a type of backup that accommodates all of the essential data files and other database components (Snedaker, 2014). On the other side, the logical backup is that backup of the tablespace, schemas, and whole database. Since an organization has a large amount of data, it is essential for the database administrators to use the automatic backup utilities that are available in a database such as ORACLE.

Any of the backup strategies used tends to start with the data repository. The backup data should be stored and organized to a degree. Other types of data backups include the full backup, differential backup, incremental backup, and mirror backup. The differential backup is the backup that includes all the files that changed since the last full backup. The incremental backup is the backup including files that changed in the last backup process (Snedaker, 2014). The full backup refers to the initial process of the backup that includes all the files and folders. Mirror backup is the backup of all files of the data that changed since the last full backup.

Disaster planning
Disaster planning is important as it helps in ensuring the continuation of the business processes if a disaster happens. Disaster is a term that is relative since disasters tend to occur in varying degrees. Disaster planning is essential as it offers an effective solution to use in recovering all the vital business processes (Whitman et al. 2013). The disaster recovery plan tends to offer the procedures for handling emergency situations. In disaster planning, the plan must offer information for the proactive handling of the crisis and must include detailed procedures for communication, executives, investor relations, human resources, and technology management. The plan must also document the procedures, responsibilities, and the checklist to use in managing and controlling the situation following the crisis.

Disaster planning tends to offer a state of readiness that allows prompt personnel response after a disaster occurs. It tends to provide a more efficient and effective recovery process. A disaster recovery plan must be able to accomplish several objectives. These objectives include managing the recovery operation in an effective and organized manner, recovering information and data imperative to the operation of critical applications (Mullins, 2012). It should also assess the damage, repair damage, and activate the impaired computer center. Every business tends to have the responsibility of responding to short or long term disruption of the services. Developing, documenting, implementing and testing the disaster recovery plan enable the business to restore the availability of the critical applications in an organized and timely manner after the occurrence of a disaster.

The advantages of disaster planning are that it results in improved technology. An organization requires improving IT systems so as to support the recovery objectives that you develop in disaster planning. The attention that one pays to recoverability leads to making the IT systems more consistent with each other. Disaster planning also results to improved business process. Since the business processes tend to undergo analysis and scrutiny, the administrators may not help but find areas that need improvement (Whitman et al. 2013). Disaster planning also benefits the organization through fewer disruptions. Because of improved technology, the IT systems are more stable than in the past. When one make changes to the system architecture so as to meet the recovery objectives, the events that used to cause outage do not do so anymore. Disaster planning also offers a competitive advantage because having good disaster recovery plan provides the organization with bragging rights that cab outshines the competitors. Disaster recovery plan tends to allow the organization to claim higher reliability and availability of services.

During disaster planning, it is significant that one should define the strategy to follow when employing the required softness to ensure the principles of detection, prevention, and response to the disaster. Such a strategy tends to define the activities that people will participate in when a disaster occurs, and it has a plan for explaining how to conduct the activities. It is essential for the organization to set the priorities of the processes and operations that they should perform. A disaster recovery plan is essential for the company as it contains the action that will help reduce the impact of the disaster and enable the organization to resumes its operation as fast as possible (Schin, 2014). It is an important aspect of the organization because it helps the organization save a lot of costs that it would incur if it never had a disaster recovery plan.

Importance of integrating backups and disaster planning
Database recovery is an essential aspect of disaster recovery. The purpose of the database backup is so as to safeguard the data in the case that a disruptive event occurs. The disaster planning aims at safeguarding the data and also the physical devices. It is important to integrate database backups and disaster planning as they work as complementary to each other when both of them are not properly implemented. Integrating database backup and disaster planning are important as backup database help in deciding the data to keep a backup for, and disaster planning helps in selecting the suitable backup plan for the physical storage of the data (Schin, 2014). Disaster planning is important as it helps to pinpoint the likely areas for problems. During planning, one need to assign tasks to different people so that everyone can know what is expected of them. Then again, backing up data and storing the copy off site may help to ensure that if a disaster strikes, one can move on without a lot of disruption.

It is important to execute database backup and disaster planning effectively. Failure of effectively executing them can result in a lot of loss to the organization. Without good backup and disaster planning, the organization can lose essential data and even customer data that can be of negative impact on the company (Mullins, 2012). When the two are not properly integrated, it can cause confusion to workers in the organization when an event of disaster happens as employees will not understand what to do in such a situation. Therefore, the damage can be much when the plan and backup are not properly executed.