Whistleblowing and Sarbanes-Oxley

Key characteristics of a whistleblower
The verb whistle-blowing refers to revealing the hidden actions of another individual or groups of people (mostly executives) of a company for wrong actions they perpetrate in the dark. A whistleblower is thus any person who exposes any information regarding illegal activity dishonesty, or correct activities within an organization. In many cases, whistleblowers are employees or ex-employee of a company (Green, 2004).. Among the essential characteristics of whistleblowers is that they are altruistically motivated. They do their actions to expose the truth so that a person suffering unfairly may get saved. Secondly, they are utilitarian. They serve to be useful rather than attractive. Thirdly, they are not interested in altering their behavior. They do what they do because they believe it’s the appropriate course. They, therefore, allow their attitudes and beliefs to drive them. In many cases, whistleblowers are well educated as only people with such wisdom can manage what they do. They are also aware that what they do is prone to danger and severe retaliation (Green, 2004).

Instance of whistleblowing
On the 11th of March 2016, two former students of Bard College revealed that the college officials were violating the False Claims Act that regards the federal grants and that which stipulates the use of Title IV student aid funds. These two whistleblowers had researched and found that Bard has for long received funds through the Teacher Quality Partnership Grant Program though they the college has not yet complied with the conditions of such grant. Bard was also allegedly reported to be awarding, disbursing and receiving Title IV student loan funds at campus locations though such were not yet recognized. They also did so without providing notice of the locations to the Department of Education. Such actions showed an infringement of applicable regulations and agreement with the Department of Education. The case is still not solved and until the Court decides the fate of the culprits, the effect of the whistle-blowing to the whistleblower and the institution’s heads may not be determined. However, the prospective effects might be the jailing or fining of the Bard College heads. More so, the court might decide to demote them. The whistleblower might face threats from those persons that they exposed (Newman 2016).

Justification of the whistleblowers’ reporting

In any case, the actions of the whistleblowers were justified. Any publically traded company or any government institution represents is there to serve the people rather than inflict pain or take the public’s money without their consent. The government takes a lot of taxes from the public which it uses to pay for the services of workers of public institutions. It is thus wrong for these few individuals to grab or siphon the money once more from the public funds. As a matter of facts, it’s only the whistleblowers who might find out such actions as perpetrators do it hidden. Their actions were thus justified as they saved the public from continued fraudulence (Green, 2004).

Extent to which the whistleblower would be protected under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 was developed and passed by the U.S. Congress to guard shareholders as well as the general public from such things like accounting errors and fraudulent practices. It was also aimed at improving the accuracy of commercial disclosures (Green, 2004). Section 806 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act would protect the whistleblowers against harm by the Bard’s heads for providing information about financial fraud. However, the two had to show that an actual violation occurred. It would then protect them against retaliatory actions such as threats or discrimination.

What do you need to know about UGC Net JRF online courses?

If you’re looking for an education that will help you stand out in the job market, a UGC Net JRF online course might be the perfect fit for you. UGC stands for “University-Level content.” This means that the courses offered through JRF are designed to meet the academic standards of a university. What does this mean for you? It means that the courses are high quality and likely to be accepted by universities as part of your degree program. In addition, they’re likely to be in-demand, so you’ll have a hard time finding a job that doesn’t require at least some level of proficiency in them. So what are you waiting for? Get started on your dream career today with a quality UGC Net JRF online course.

What is UGC Net JRF?
UGC Net JRF online courses are offered by the University Grants Commission (UGC) in association with various universities. UGC Net JRF courses offer a variety of vocational and professional courses that can help students acquire new skills and knowledge in a chosen field.

The courses are designed to bridge the gap between theory and practice, and often provide opportunities for hands-on training. Students who successfully complete an UGC Net JRF course can earn a qualification that is recognised by employers.

UGC Net JRF courses are generally delivered online, but they may also be offered in a face-to-face format. The duration of most UGC Net JRF courses is typically six months, but some may be shorter or longer. Students should ensure that they find out about the specific course requirements before enrolling in it.

How does UGC Net JRF work?
UGC NET JRF online courses are conducted by the University Grants Commission (UGC) and are a great way to learn new skills and acquire knowledge in a variety of disciplines.

To take an UGC NET JRF course, students must first register for one on the UGC website. After registering, students can view available courses and select one that they wish to enrol in. The course syllabus will be provided prior to beginning the course.

Once enrolled, students will need to complete assignments and tests that are designed to test their knowledge and skills. There is also a final exam that all students must pass in order to finish the course.

UGC NET JRF courses offer a great way for students to gain new skills and knowledge in a variety of disciplines. They are easy to take, with manageable assignments and exams, and offer a certificate upon completion.

What are the benefits of taking an online course?
UGC Net JRF online courses offer students the convenience and flexibility of completing their courses from the comfort of their own homes. There are no exams, and no need to attend class meetings – all you need is a computer and internet access. UGC Net JRF also offers various course materials, including video lectures, slideshows, PDF files and interactive quizzes to help learners achieve success in the course.

UGC Net JRF has a variety of online courses that cover a wide range of topics, such as business and finance, law, health sciences and more. Learners can choose from a variety of course lengths – short or long term – to fit their needs. Plus, if you’re not satisfied with your course outcome, you can always request a refund within 30 days of registration. Finally, UGC Net JRF offers an online learner forum where students can ask questions and share ideas with one another.

What do I need to know before signing up for a UGC Net JRF course?
UGC Net JRF courses are offered by institutes all over the world, so there is a course available for anyone who wants to learn about Journalism. The courses are mainly designed for people who want to become journalists or media professionals, but there are also some courses that are open to anyone who wants to learn more about Journalism.

The first step before signing up for any UGC Net JRF course is to decide what level of knowledge you would like to acquire. You can choose from beginner, intermediate or advanced levels. The beginner level is designed for people who have not studied Journalism before and the intermediates will have some knowledge of Journalism, while the advanced level is meant for people who already have some experience in the field.

Once you decide which level you wish to sign up for, you need to find out if the course you wish to take is available in your language. Most of the UGC Net JRF courses are available in English, but there are a few that are offered in other languages as well.

After deciding which course you would like to take and finding out if it is available in your language, the next step is to find out if the course meets your needs. Many of the UGC Net JRF courses include modules that focus on different aspects of Journalism such as reporting, editing and photojournalism.

Start Your Career by Learning Taxation Courses After Graduation

What is taxation?

Taxation is basically a process of imposing tax on individuals who generate income. It is levied on income and is directly charged by government, there are different rates applicable from country to country. Developed economies charged at lower rate, while poor or developing countries like India charges are high

Free Palestine
Income tax is to be levied on the income of every individual , business companies . Taxes are calculated on the annual income of an assesse.

Under Income Tax laws financial year starts on the 1st of April and ends on the 31st of March of the next calendar year.

There are three main areas.

First- Corporate tax : it is used for managing tax for companies or corporations.

Second : Personal tax- it is used for managing for individuals. Specialisms include estate planning and high net worth individuals.

Third : Indirect tax – managing tax on goods and services, such as VAT on products. This is different from tax on personal income or company’s profits.

Scope?

Taxation course has huge scope in today market, after online system in place in India, GST return filing, ITR filing, TDS return filing requires expertise. Those with practical knowledge can do this job with great ease/

Job Prospects

One can learn taxation by joining any institute. These courses are always in demand and have huge scope, there are many jobs related to this field.

If you are well-versed in taxation it can open numerous job opportunities for you as revenue managers, tax accountant, advisor, or practitioner. In many cases people become tax consultants, or tax practitioners after learning these courses.

Eligibility

Those who have completed their b com or graduation can pursue them. Students after completion of b com graduation can immediately join for such courses.

Entry level basic course can be done by undergraduate who have completed their 12th course in commerce.

Duration ?

Duration of courses can be from short term to long term , there are institues whihc offer short term diploma course and there are long term degree courses available with various colleges and universities

Career options ?

Assistant.

Executive

Manager.

Tax Consultants/ Practitioner

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Salary after learning

Salary entirely depends upon the region , area, city and country. In India starting salary for any tax assistant varies from 2 lacs to 3 lacs per annum.

However after due experience one can expect earning beyond 10 lacs per annum.